Functional reinforcing fillers modified with alkenylalkoxysilane and preparing method of the same

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are a functional reinforcing filler including inorganic particles surface-modified with an alkenylsilanol obtained by hydrolyzing an alkenylalkoxysilane compound, and a method for preparing the same. 
     Since the disclosed functional reinforcing filler has a functional group having a double bond, it has good reactivity for styrene-butadiene rubber and sulfur. Thus, when used as a functional reinforcing filler in the manufacture of rubber, it allows improvement of physical properties through adjustment of the addition amount of sulfur without additional use of the coupling agent. In addition, because of superior hydrolysis reactivity, the problem of alcohol can be solved and a rubber mixture with long scorch time can be prepared. In particular, when the functional reinforcing filler of the present invention is used in the manufacture of tires, improvement in modulus, tensile strength, rotational resistance and wet traction performance can be expected.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2011-0041004 filed on Apr. 29, 2011, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

(a) Technical Field

The present invention relates to a functional reinforcing filler including inorganic particles surface-modified with an alkenylsilanol obtained from hydrolysis of an alkenylalkoxysilane compound.

(b) Background Art

Since the mid-20th century, silanes having organic functional groups have been widely used to enhance adhesion between silica and polymers or to improve compatibility. However, a silica-filled rubber composition does not have a suitable reinforcing effect and an excellent improvement in physical properties can be attained only when a sulfur-containing coupling agent such as 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) is used. Further, the mercaptoalkyltrialkoxysilane coupling agent has offensive odor and, when it is mixed with a polymer composition, processability is degraded since the prevulcanization time is greatly reduced due to the presence of highly reactive thiol (—SH) group.

In the early 1970s, bis(alkoxysilylalkyl)polysulfides [(RO)₃SiCH₂CH₂CH₂SxCH₂CH₂CH₂Si(OR)₃] were developed [U.S. Pat. No. 3,842,111, U.S. Pat. No. 4,384,132, U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,490]. And, in the early 1990s, Michelin announced the “green tires” using bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) [Eur. Patent EP 0501227, U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,425]. Since then, TESPT has been frequently used as a filler along with silica in order to improve the physical properties of a rubber composition. However, TESPT has a temperature restriction when mixing it with a rubber composition. For instance, when it is mixed with a rubber composition at high temperature, prevulcanization of the rubber mixture occurs because of irreversible thermal cracking of the polysulfane groups. Meanwhile, if the mixing is performed at low temperature, the alkoxy group of TESPT may not be completely hydrolyzed. According to Wolff, S., complete hydrolysis of TESPT is difficult to be attained at low temperature because of steric hindrance [Wolff, S. Kautsch. Cummi, Kunstst 1981, 34, 280]. As a result, the residual alkoxy group exists in the molecule and hydrolysis occurs continuously even after mixing with the rubber composition. It decreases the life span of the rubber mixture as it is released as alcohol from inside the rubber matrix

Thus, highly dispersible silica capable of minimizing the release of alcohol and enhancing the dispersibility of silica is consistently developed by silica manufacturers [U.S. Pat. No. 0,176,852 A1]. However, the procedure of using TESPT and its product thereof cannot be free from the problem of alcohol release. At present, most of silica-containing rubbers use TESPT or MPTMS, and it is quite rare to use a silane having a sulfur-free organic functional group, which allows less improvement in rubber properties, in a rubber mixture for a tire.

It is known that when an alkenylalkoxysilane having a sulfur-free organic functional group is mixed with a rubber together with silica, rubber properties can be improved by using a catalyst such as butyllithium or peroxide [U.S. Pat. No. 0,019,554 A1]. However, in that case, coupling tends to occur with the silane coupling agent rather than the coupling between silica and rubber due to hydrolysis of the chlorine or alkoxy group of the silane, thus resulting in the formation of polysiloxane. This leads to insufficient improvement in the properties of the tire composite and inevitably leads to unfavorable processability and economic loss because of the need of additional use of additives in the manufacture of rubber for tires.

In contrast, alkenylsilane, which is commonly used in the manufacture of a rubber mixture, allows a long prevulcanization time when mixing with a rubber composition and the mixing temperature is not particularly restricted. However, liquid alkenylsilanes, especially vinylsilane and allylsilane, have storage problems because of fast hydrolysis. During mixing with the rubber mixture, they are hydrolyzed quickly, leading to fast condensation with the coupling agent rather than the silica-coupling agent-rubber coupling. Also, a larger amount of sulfur is required as compared to when a sulfur-containing coupling agent, e.g., MPTMS or TESPT, is used. That is to say, since the coupling agent is sulfur-free, solid sulfur or peroxide has to be added. Unless the rubber mixture is mixed homogeneously, the desired improvement in physical properties cannot be attained.

SUMMARY

The inventors of the present invention have worked to solve the aforesaid problems of the existing art. As a result, they have found out that, by chemically treating the surface of inorganic particles with a sulfur-free alkenylalkoxysilane compound instead of using bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) or 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS), a hydrophobic, highly dispersible, a functional reinforcing filler having superior crosslinking reactivity and being easily miscible with rubber can be prepared.

The present invention is directed to providing_a functional reinforcing filler and a method for preparing the same.

In one general aspect, the present invention provides a functional reinforcing filler including inorganic particles surface-modified with an alkenylsilanol solution obtained by hydrolyzing an alkenylalkoxysilane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1:

R—SiX¹X²X³   (1)

Wherein R is C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl or C₅-C₁₈ cycloalkenyl, and each of X¹, X² and X³, which are the same or different, is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy, C₆-C₁₈ aryl or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy, with the proviso that at least one of X¹, X² and X³ is C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy.

In another general aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a functional reinforcing filler, including: preparing an alkenylsilanol solution by hydrolyzing the alkenylalkoxysilane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1; preparing a suspension by mixing the alkenylsilanol solution with inorganic particles in one or more solvent selected from alcohol and water; preparing molecular film coated inorganic particles by removing the solvent from the suspension through evaporation; and heating the molecular film coated inorganic particles to induce dehydration condensation.

In another general aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a functional reinforcing filler, including: preparing a suspension by mixing the alkenylalkoxysilane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 with inorganic particles in one or more solvent selected from alcohol and water; removing the solvent from the suspension through evaporation; and heating the inorganic particles to induce dehydration condensation and thereby modifying the surface of the inorganic particles.

The above and other aspects and features of the present invention will be described infra.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Hereinafter, reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described below. While the invention will be described in conjunction with exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that the present description is not intended to limit the invention to those exemplary embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover not only the exemplary embodiments, but also various alternatives, modifications, equivalents and other embodiments, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

The present invention provides a functional reinforcing filler comprising inorganic particles surface-modified with an alkenylsilanol solution obtained by hydrolyzing an alkenylalkoxysilane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1:

R—SiX¹X²X³   (1)

wherein R is C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl or C₅-C₁₈ cycloalkenyl, and each of X¹, X² and X³, which are the same or different, is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy, C₆-C₁₈ aryl or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy, with the proviso that at least one of X¹, X² and X³ is C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy.

R is C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl or C₅-C₁₈ cycloalkenyl. The number of carbon atoms of R may be in the aforesaid range since it is not easy to prepare an alkenyl group having more than 18 carbon atoms and the processing time may increase due to slow hydrolysis. More specifically, it may be C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl.

Each of X¹, X² and X³ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy, C₆-C₁₈ aryl or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy, with the proviso that at least one of X¹, X² and X³ is C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy to allow conversion into an alkenylsilanol via hydrolysis.

Particularly, the alkenylalkoxysilane compound may be one or more compounds selected from vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), allyltrimethoxysilane (ATMS), 5-hexenyltrimethoxysilane (HTMS), 7-octenyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS), (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)trimethoxysilane (BCHTMS), vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES), allyltriethoxysilane (ATES), 5-hexenyltriethoxysilane (HTES), 7-octenyltriethoxysilane (OTES) and (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)triethoxysilane (BCHTES). Most specifically, allyltrialkoxysilane may be used.

The inorganic particles may be one or more selected from silica, mica, talc, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide and zinc oxide, although not being limited thereto. Specifically, one or more selected from silica and mica may be used. And, the inorganic particles may have an average particle diameter 5 nm to 100 μm. When the average particle diameter is smaller than 5 nm, the cost is too high. And, when it exceeds 100 μm, the performance of the elastomer as the reinforcing filler may be degraded. Hence, the average particle diameter may be within the aforesaid range. And, the inorganic particles may have a BET surface area of 50 to 1,000 m²/g. The silica may be one or more selected from precipitated silica and colloidal silica. More specifically, one or more selected from Zeosil (Rhodia), Hi-Sil (PPG Industries) and VN (Evonik) may be used. The precipitated silica may be prepared by various methods known in the art. As a specific example, it may be prepared from a solution of sodium silicate by acid precipitation.

Hereinafter, a method for preparing the functional reinforcing filler of the present invention will be described in detail.

[Preparation Method]

The functional reinforcing filler of the present invention comprising inorganic particles surface-modified with an alkenylsilanol solution obtained by hydrolyzing an alkenylalkoxysilane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may be prepared by the following two preparation methods:

R—SiX¹X²X³   (1)

wherein R is C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl or C₅-C₁₈ cycloalkenyl, and each of X¹, X² and X³, which are the same or different, is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy, C₆-C₁₈ aryl or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy, with the proviso that at least one of X¹, X² and X³ is C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy.

[Preparation Method 1]

The functional reinforcing filler of the present invention may be prepared from a process comprising: a first step of preparing an alkenylsilanol solution by hydrolyzing the alkenylalkoxysilane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1; a second step of preparing a suspension by mixing the alkenylsilanol solution with inorganic particles in one or more solvent selected from alcohol and water; a third step of preparing molecular film coated inorganic particles by removing the solvent from the suspension through evaporation; and a fourth step of heating the molecular film coated inorganic particles to induce dehydration condensation.

In the first step, an organic acid that can be evaporated relatively easily or do not require neutralization may be used as an acid to hydrolyze the alkenylalkoxysilane compound. Specific examples include carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid, butyric acid, palmitic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, etc., ascorbic acid, uric acid, or the like, but are not limited thereto. The hydrolysis of the alkenylalkoxysilane compound may be performed at 0 to 100° C., more specifically at 10 to 80° C. The reaction temperature may be different depending on the kind of reactants, e.g., organometallic compounds, acids and fillers, and solvents. And, the hydrolysis may be performed at pH 2.5 to 5.0. When the pH is below 2.5, formation of polysiloxane may be accelerated due as the alkenylalkoxysilane is hydrolyzed quickly, thereby resulting in reduced reactivity with the surface of the inorganic particles. And, when the pH exceeds 5.0, alcohol may be released during mixing with the rubber composition because the hydrolysis occurs too slowly. Hence, the aforesaid pH range may be preferred.

In the second step, the solvent used in the suspension may be one or more solvent selected from alcohol and water. The alcohol may be C₁-C₁₀ alcohol. Specifically, it may be selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol or phenol.

When preparing the suspension, a sulfur-containing coupling agent may be additionally added. Specifically, the coupling agent may be a sulfur-containing compound selected from bis[(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TMSPT), bis[(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TESPT), 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES).

In the third step, as the solvent included in the suspension evaporates, the silanol (Si—OH) group of the hydrolyzed alkenylsilanol the alkenylsilanol hydrolyzed is coated on the surface of the inorganic particles via hydrogen bonding with the hydroxyl (M-OH) groups on the surface of the inorganic particles, thus forming a molecular film. Later, when the molecular film is heated, M-O—Si covalent bonding is formed via dehydration condensation. Since the solvent is removed by evaporation, an additional neutralization or filtration process may be unnecessary. In this process, low-boiling-point alcohol may be removed.

In the fourth step, the dehydration condensation may be performed at 100° C. or higher, specifically at 100 to 150° C., under an atmosphere or a pressure of 1 to 20 mmHg.

The alkenylalkoxysilane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may be used in an amount of 1 to 20 parts by weight, specifically 3 to 15 parts by weight, more specifically 5 to 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the inorganic particles.

[Preparation Method 2]

Also, the functional reinforcing filler of the present invention may be prepared from a process comprising: preparing a suspension by mixing the alkenylalkoxysilane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 with inorganic particles in one or more solvent selected from alcohol and water under an acidic condition; removing the solvent from the suspension through evaporation; and heating the inorganic particles to induce dehydration condensation and thereby modifying the surface of the inorganic particles:

In the preparation method 2, unlike in the preparation method 1, the surface of the inorganic particles is chemically modified while the alkenylalkoxysilane compound is hydrolyzed. However, the two preparation methods have many things in common in that 1) the coated inorganic particles are dehydration condensed after the alcohol and water are removed by evaporation, 2) the prepared hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler does not release the alcohol component, and 3) the same reactants are used. In the preparation method 2, like in the preparation method 1, a molecular film is formed on the surface of the inorganic particles via hydrogen bonding between the silanol (Si—OH) group of the hydrolyzed alkenylsilanol and the hydroxyl (M-OH) group on the surface of the inorganic particles as the alcohol and water are evaporated. When the molecular film is heated, M-O—Si covalent bonding is formed via dehydration condensation. Since the alcohol and water are removed by evaporation, an additional neutralization or filtration process may be unnecessary. In this process, low-boiling-point alcohol may be removed.

The alkenylalkoxysilane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may be used in an amount of 1 to 20 parts by weight, specifically 3 to 15 parts by weight, more specifically 5 to 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the inorganic particles.

The acidic condition may be pH 2.5 to 5.0. Under this condition, the alkenylalkoxysilane compound is hydrolyzed to give a clear solution. When the pH is below 2.5, formation of polysiloxane may be accelerated due as the alkenylalkoxysilane is hydrolyzed quickly, thereby resulting in reduced reactivity with the surface of the inorganic particles. And, when the pH exceeds 5.0, alcohol may be released during mixing with the rubber composition because the hydrolysis occurs too slowly. Hence, the aforesaid pH range may be preferred. And, an organic acid that can be evaporated relatively easily or do not require neutralization may be used as an acid to prepare the acidic condition. Specific examples include carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid, butyric acid, palmitic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, etc., ascorbic acid, uric acid, or the like, but are not limited thereto.

The alcohol may be C₁-C₁₀ alcohol. Specifically, it may be selected from methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol or phenol.

When mixing the alkenylalkoxysilane compound with the inorganic particles, the alcohol and water, a sulfur-containing coupling agent may be additionally added. Specifically, the coupling agent may be a sulfur-containing compound selected from bis[(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TMSPT), bis[(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TESPT), 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES).

The highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler of the present invention prepared by the preparation method 1 or 2 does not emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) because the alkenylalkoxysilane is hydrolyzed. The functional reinforcing filler of the present invention contains 0.1 wt % or more, specifically 0.1 to 20 wt %, of carbon based on the total weight of the reinforcing filler.

Hereinafter, a rubber composition comprising the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler of the present invention will be described.

[Rubber Composition]

The present invention is also directed to providing a rubber composition comprising the highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler. To describe in more detail, the rubber composition of the present invention comprises an elastomer as well as the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler. It may further comprise one or more additive selected from an accelerator and a retardant.

In the rubber composition, the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler may be used in an amount of 10 to 200 parts by weight, more specifically 20 to 150 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the elastomer.

The elastomer may be a thermoplastic or thermosetting elastomer. Specifically, one or more selected from a homopolymer comprising conjugated diene monomers and a copolymer comprising a conjugated diene monomer, a monovinyl aromatic monomer and a triene monomer may be used.

The elastomer may further comprise an organic rubber. The organic rubber may comprise one or more selected from: a natural rubber (formed from homopolymerization of butadiene or its homologues or derivatives); 1,4-polyisoprene, 3,4-polyisoprene, trans-1,4-polybutadiene, cis-1,4-polybutadiene or 1,2-polybutadiene; one or more ethylene-based unsaturated copolymeric monomer comprising butadiene and its homologues or derivatives; a butadiene-styrene copolymer using a butadiene isomer; polymers of isoprene, styrene and butadiene and various terpolymers thereof; an acrylonitrile-based copolymer and terpolymer rubber composition; and an isobutylene-based rubber.

Also, the elastomer may further comprise alkyd resin, natural oil, oil-modified alkyd resin, nylon, epoxide, thermoplastic polyester, unsaturated polyester, polycarbonate, or the like. More specifically, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene, ethylene-propylene copolymer or terpolymer, polyoxymethylene and its copolymer, polyurethane, nitrocellulose, phenol resin, polysulfide rubber, vinyl butyrate, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, cellulose acetate and butyrate, viscose rayon, cellulose, ethylene copolymer, wax, shellac, organic rubber, etc., may be used. However, the present invention is not limited thereto.

A non-limiting example of preparing a rubber composition using the functional reinforcing filler of the present invention is as follows.

A vulcanized rubber composition may be prepared by a process comprising: a step of mixing a curable elastomer with the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler, an accelerator and a retardant to form a vulcanizable elastomer composition; and a step of curing the vulcanizable elastomer composition by adding a curing agent.

The accelerator may be one or more selected from benzothiazole, benzothiazole sulfenamide, dithiocarbamate, thiopholine, thiourea, xanthate, thiuram sulfide, amine and dithiophosphate.

More specifically, the accelerator may comprise one or more selected from: one or more benzothiazole selected from 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 2,2′-dithiobisbenzothiazole, 2-morpholinothiobenzothiazole, 2-(4-morpholinodithio)benzothiazole, 2-(4-morpholinothio)benzothiazole, 2-(4-morpholinothio)-5-methylbenzothiazole, 2-(4-morpholinothio)-5-chlorobenzothiazole, 2-(2,6-dimethyl-4-morpholinothio)-benzothiazole, 2-(3,6-dimethyl-4-morpholinothio)benzothiazole, 2,2′-dibenzothiazole disulfide and 2-mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide);

one or more benzothiazole sulfenamide selected from N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide, N,N′-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide, N,N-diethyl-2benzothiazole sulfenamide, N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide, N,N-diisopropyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide, N-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide and N-oxydiethylene thiocarbamyl-N-oxydiethylene sulfenamide;

one or more dithiocarbamate selected from cadmium diethyldithiocarbamate, lead diamyldithiocarbamate, lead dimethyldithiocarbamate, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, zinc diethyldithiocarbamate, zinc diamyldithiocarbamate, zinc di-n-butyldithiocarbamate, zinc dimethylpentamethylene dithiocarbamate, bismuth dimethyldithiocarbamate, copper dimethyldithiocarbamate, selenium diethyldithiocarbamate, selenium dimethyldithiocarbamate, tellurium diethyldithiocarbamate, piperidinium pentamethylene dithiocarbamate, 2-benzothiazole-N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate and dimethylammonium dimethyldithiocarbamate;

one or more thiopholine selected from 4-mercaptomorpholine, 4-mercapto-2,6-dimethylmorpholine, 4,4′-dithiomorpholine, 4[(4-morpholinylthio)thixomethyl]morpholine, 2,6-dimethylmorpholine disulfide, methylmorpholine disulfide, propyl 2,6-dimethyl morpholine disulfide, alkyl morpholine disulfide and phenyl morpholine disulfide;

one or more thiourea selected from trimethylthiourea, 1,3-dibutylthiourea, N,N′dibutylthiourea, 1,3-diethylthiourea, dimethylethylthiourea, diphenylthiourea and tetramethylthiourea;

one or more xanthate selected from sodium isopropylxanthate, zinc isopropylxanthate and zinc dibutylxanthate;

one or more thiuram sulfide selected from tetramethylthiuram monosulfide, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, tetraethylthiuram disulfide, tetrabutylthiuram disulfide, dipentamethylenethiuram tetrasulfide, tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide, dimethyldiphenylthiuram disulfide and dipentamethylenethiuram monosulfide;

one or more amine selected from cyclohexylethylamine, dibutylamine, heptaldehyde-aniline condensate, acetaldehyde-aniline condensate and guanidine, e.g., N,N′-diphenylguanidine, N,N′-di-o-tolylguanidine, o-tolylbiguanidine, N,N′,N″-triphenylguanidine and diarylguanidine; and

dithiophosphate.

Further, the retardant may be one or more amine selected from N-(cyclohexylthio)phthalimide, phthalic anhydride, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, sodium acetate, aromatic sulfonamide, dioctyl phthalate and magnesium oxide. More specifically, the retardant may be one or more amine selected from N-(cyclohexylthio)phthalimide, phthalic anhydride and aromatic sulfenamide.

In addition, the rubber composition may further comprise sulfur in order to improve physical properties. Specifically, sulfur may be added in an amount of 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, more specifically 1 to 5 parts by weight.

Rubber prepared using the rubber composition including the functional reinforcing filler of the present invention may have high tan δ at 0° C. and low tan δ at 60° C. Furthermore, the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler of the present invention is capable of improving the processability and physical properties of rubber. The rubber prepared using the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler of the present invention may have a scorch time exceeding 14 minutes and a curing time less than 30 minutes (ASTM D5289-95). The compounded product may have a 300% modulus of at least 5.0 MPa (ASTM D412-98a). The hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler of the present invention may be applied to the manufacture of a variety of rubber products, e.g., automotive drive-belts, engine mounts, V-belts, conveyor belts, roller coatings, tires, components of tire (vehicle tire treads, subtreads, carcases, sidewalls, belt wedges, bead fillers and wire skim coats), shoe sole materials, packing rings, wire and cable sheaths, hoses, gaskets, sealing materials, or the like, so that the rubber products may have excellent tensile properties and dynamic properties.

EXAMPLES

The examples and experiments will now be described. The following examples and experiments are for illustrative purposes only and not intended to limit the scope of this invention.

Test Example 1 Hydrolysis of Alkenylalkoxysilane

100 parts by weight of a 1% acetic acid aqueous solution based on 100 parts by weight of an alkenylalkoxysilane compound was added to a container including the alkenylalkoxysilane compound. Thus prepared solution was stirred at 25° C. until all the hydrophobic alkoxy groups of the alkenylalkoxysilane compound were converted into hydrophilic hydroxyl groups to give a clear solution. Reaction time is shown in Table 1. The used organic alkoxysilane compounds were vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), allyltrimethoxysilane (ATMS), 7-octenyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) and (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)trimethoxysilane (BCHTMS).

TABLE 1 Alkenylalkoxysilane compound Reaction time 1 VTMS  3 minutes 2 ATMS 15 minutes 3 OTMS  6 hours 4 BCHTMS  1 day

The hydrolysis time was measured depending on the alkenylalkoxysilane. The time required for the surface modification of silica is determined by the hydrolysis time.

Preparation of Functional Reinforcing Filler Using Alkenylsilanol Obtained by Hydrolyzing Alkenylalkoxysilane Compound

Example 1

24.0 mmol (3.56 g) of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) was added to 3.56 g of a 1% acetic acid aqueous solution (pH ˜3.5) in a 25-mL flask. After stirring for 3 minutes at room temperature, a transparent vinylsilanol solution was obtained. The hydrolyzed vinylsilanol solution was added to a slurry containing 60 g of silica (Z115GR, Rhodia Silica) and 150 g of methanol, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then, after evaporating the solvent and volatile materials using a rotary vacuum evaporator, residual solid particles were dehydration condensed in an oven at 130° C. for 8 hours to prepare silica (hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler) surface-modified with the vinyl group.

Example 2

24.0 mmol (3.89 g) of allyltrimethoxysilane (ATMS) was added to 3.89 g of a 1% acetic acid aqueous solution (pH ˜3.5) in a 25-mL flask. After stirring for 15 minutes at room temperature, a transparent allylsilanol solution was obtained. The hydrolyzed allylsilanol solution was added to a slurry containing 60 g of silica (Z115GR, Rhodia Silica) and 150 g of methanol, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then, after evaporating the solvent and volatile materials using a rotary vacuum evaporator, residual solid particles were dehydration condensed in an oven at 130° C. for 8 hours to prepare silica (hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler) surface-modified with the allyl group.

Example 3

24.0 mmol (5.58 g) of 7-octenyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) was added to 5.58 g of a 1% acetic acid aqueous solution (pH ˜3.5) in a 25-mL flask. After stirring for 6 hours at room temperature, a transparent 7-octenylsilanol solution was obtained. The hydrolyzed 7-octenylsilanol solution was added to a slurry containing 60 g of silica (Z115GR, Rhodia Silica) and 150 g of methanol, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then, after evaporating the solvent and volatile materials using a rotary vacuum evaporator, residual solid particles were dehydration condensed in an oven at 130° C. for 8 hours to prepare silica (hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler) surface-modified with the 7-octenyl group.

Example 4

24.0 mmol (5.14 g) of (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)trimethoxysilane (BCHTMS) was added to 5.14 g of a 1% acetic acid aqueous solution (pH ˜3.5) in a 25-mL flask. After stirring for 24 hours at room temperature, a transparent (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)trisilanol solution was obtained. The hydrolyzed (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)trisilanol solution was added to a slurry containing 60 g of silica (Z115GR, Rhodia Silica) and 150 g of methanol, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then, after evaporating the solvent and volatile materials using a rotary vacuum evaporator, residual solid particles were dehydration condensed in an oven at 130° C. for 8 hours to prepare silica (hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler) surface-modified with the bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl group.

Examples 5-6

Surface-modified silica (hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, except for using 36.0 mmol (5.91 g, Example 4) or 48.0 mmol (7.88 g, Example 5) of allyltrimethoxysilane.

Example 7

24.0 mmol (3.89 g) of allyltrimethoxysilane (ATMS) was added to 3.89 g of a 1% acetic acid aqueous solution (pH ˜3.5) in a 25-mL flask. After stirring for 15 minutes at room temperature, a transparent allylsilanol solution was obtained. After adding 3 g of bis[(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TESPT) and 3 g of a 1% acetic acid aqueous solution to a slurry containing 60 g of silica (Z115GR, Rhodia Silica) and 150 g of methanol, the mixture was stirred at about 65° C. for 2 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Subsequently, after adding the hydrolyzed allylsilanol solution, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then, after evaporating the solvent and volatile materials using a rotary vacuum evaporator, residual solid particles were dehydration condensed in an oven at 130° C. for 8 hours to prepare silica (hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler) surface-modified with the allyl group and the bis[polyhydroxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide group.

Example 8

24.0 mmol (3.89 g) of allyltrimethoxysilane (ATMS) was added to 3.89 g of a 1% acetic acid aqueous solution (pH ˜3.5) in a 25-mL flask. After stirring for 15 minutes at room temperature, a transparent allylsilanol solution was obtained. After adding 3 g of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and 3 g of a 1% acetic acid aqueous solution to a slurry containing 60 g of silica (Z115GR, Rhodia Silica) and 150 g of methanol, the mixture was stirred at about 65° C. for 2 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Subsequently, after adding the hydrolyzed allylsilanol solution, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then, after evaporating the solvent and volatile materials using a rotary vacuum evaporator, residual solid particles were dehydration condensed in an oven at 130° C. for 8 hours to prepare silica (hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler) surface-modified with the allyl group and the 3-mercaptopropyl group.

Simultaneous Preparation of Alkenylsilanol and Functional Reinforcing Filler

Example 9

A suspension including 60 g of silica (Z115GR, Rhodia Silica), 150 g of methanol, 3.89 g of allyltrimethoxysilane and 3.89 g of a 1% acetic acid aqueous solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then, after evaporating volatile materials using a rotary vacuum evaporator, residual solid particles were heated in an oven at 130° C. for 8 hours to prepare surface-modified silica (functional reinforcing filler).

Preparation of Rubber Sample Using Hydrophobic, Highly Dispersible Functional Reinforcing Filler

PREPARATION EXAMPLE

[Standard Mixing Protocol]

Test samples of rubber compositions including the silica prepared in Examples t were prepared according to the standard mixing protocol shown in Table 2. The components were mixed using a Haake mixer (Rheocord 9000) at 140° C. to prepare the test samples.

TABLE 2 Amount Adding time Rotor speed (parts by weight) (min) (rpm) First pass SSBR⁽¹⁾ 100 0 60 BR⁽²⁾ 30 0 Filler 70 2 Zinc oxide⁽³⁾ 3 0.5 Stearic acid⁽⁴⁾ 2 0.5 Wax⁽⁵⁾ 2 0.5 3C⁽⁶⁾ 3 0.5 Sweep 3 Second pass Products of first pass All 7 15.3 Sulfur⁽⁷⁾ 1.7 CZ⁽⁸⁾ 2 DPG⁽⁹⁾ 0.6 ⁽¹⁾SSBR: solution styrene-butadiene rubber (Sol6450SL, Kumho Petrochemical) ⁽²⁾BR: butadiene rubber (KBR-01, Kumho Petrochemical) ⁽³⁾Zinc oxide: ZnO#2 (Hanil Zinc) ⁽⁴⁾Stearic acid: STAcid (LG Chem) ⁽⁵⁾Wax: P-Wax (Nippon Seiro) ⁽⁶⁾N-isopropyl-N′-phenylenediamine (3C, Samwon) ⁽⁷⁾Sulfur: SP-325 (Miwon Commercial) ⁽⁸⁾CZ: N-cyclohexylbenzothoazylsulfenamide (SAMACCZ, Samwon) ⁽⁹⁾DPG: diphenylguanidine

Preparation Example 1

A rubber sample was prepared using the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler prepared in Example 1 according to the standard mixing protocol of Table 2. The composition of the rubber sample is shown in Table 3.

Preparation Example 2

A rubber sample was prepared using the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler prepared in Example 2 according to the standard mixing protocol of Table 2. The composition of the rubber sample is shown in Table 3.

Preparation Example 3

A rubber sample was prepared using the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler prepared in Example 3 according to the standard mixing protocol of Table 2. The composition of the rubber sample is shown in Table 3.

Preparation Example 4

A rubber sample was prepared using the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler prepared in Example 4 according to the standard mixing protocol of Table 2. The composition of the rubber sample is shown in Table 3.

Preparation Examples 5-6

Rubber samples were prepared using the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing fillers prepared in Examples 5-6 according to the standard mixing protocol of Table 2. The composition of the rubber sample is shown in Table 3.

Preparation Examples 7-8

Rubber samples were prepared using the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing fillers prepared in Example 2 according to the standard mixing protocol of Table 2. The composition of the rubber sample is shown in Table 3.

Preparation Example 9

A rubber sample was prepared using the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler prepared in Example 7 according to the standard mixing protocol of Table 2. The composition of the rubber sample is shown in Table 3.

Preparation Example 10

A rubber sample was prepared using the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler prepared in Example 8 according to the standard mixing protocol of Table 2. The composition of the rubber sample is shown in Table 3.

Preparation Example 11

A rubber sample was prepared using the hydrophobic, highly dispersible functional reinforcing filler prepared in Example 9 according to the standard mixing protocol of Table 2. The composition of the rubber sample is shown in Table 3.

Comparative Preparation Examples 1-6

Rubber samples were prepared by simply mixing sulfur-free allyltrimethoxysilane (ATMS) with non-surface-treated silica at 140° C. (Comparative Preparation Examples 1-2), using a sulfur-free coupling agent 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and non-surface-treated silica (Comparative Preparation Examples 3-4), or using a coupling agent bis[(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TESPT) and non-surface-treated silica (Comparative Preparation Examples 5-6). The composition of the rubber samples is shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Preparation Examples Comparative Preparation Examples (parts by weight) (parts by weight) 1-6 7 8 9-11 1 2 3 4 5 6 SSBR 100 100 100 100 100  100  100  100  100  100  BR 30 30 30 30 30  30  30  30  30  30  Filler Surface-modified 70 70 70 70 — — — — — — silica Non-surface- — — — — 65.4 65.4 64.1 64.1 64.4 64.4 modified silica⁽¹⁾ Coupling agent — — — —   4.6⁽²⁾   4.6⁽²⁾   5.9⁽³⁾   5.9⁽³⁾   5.6⁽⁴⁾   5.6⁽⁴⁾ Zinc oxide 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Stearic acid 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Wax 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3C 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Sulfur 1.7 3.0 5.0 1.7  1.7  3.0  1.7  3.0  1.7  3.0 CZ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 DPG 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6  0.6  0.6  0.6  0.6  0.6  0.6 ⁽¹⁾Silica: Z115GR (Rhodia Silica) ⁽²⁾ATMS: TCD ⁽³⁾MPTMS: TCD ⁽⁴⁾TESPT: Si69 (Evonik)

Test Example 2 Physical Properties of Rubber Sample

Physical properties of the rubber samples prepared in Preparation Examples 1-10 and Comparative Preparation Examples 1-6 were measured. The result is shown in Table 4.

The samples were cured for the T90 time according to ASTM D-2094, i.e. the time during which 90% of vulcanization is completed, plus additional 5 minutes at 150° C. under a pressure of 2,000 lb/int. Physical properties of the samples were measured using the test method A according to ASTM D412-98a. Extension rate, tensile stress and modulus were measured using the Lloyd instruments (LRX Plus, Ametek, Inc.). In Table 4, TS2 indicates the scorch time, or the initial curing time, of rubber.

TABLE 4 Preparation Examples Comparative Preparation Examples 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 Scorch time 15.1 17.0 16.6 16.2 16.5 14.1 16.8 13.7 12.2 10.9 16.9 14.1 14.8 1.1 1.3 7.5 5.5 (TS2) Vulcanization 18.9 21.8 20.1 20.0 22.6 17.4 22.5 32.0 16.4 15.5 21.0 16.7 23.4 7.9 8.5 13.1 13.1 time (T90) Tensile 17.3 17.9 17.3 17.5 18.0 18.2 19.3 19.6 19.5 18.9 17.8 16.9 17.2 11.0 10.8 15.9 15.0 strength (MPa) 300% modulus 13.9 15.1 14.1 14.2 16.1 17.3 17.8 18.2 18.1 17.9 13.9 15.5 16.2 12.3 11.4 12.6 12.2 (MPa)

As seen from Table 4, the rubber samples prepared in Preparation Examples 1-4 using the silica surface-modified with the alkenylalkoxysilane exhibited longer scorch time and vulcanization time, and hence better processability and higher tensile strength and 300% modulus, than the rubber samples prepared in Comparative Preparation Examples 3-6 using the sulfur-containing silane coupling agent. Among them, the rubber sample prepared in Preparation Example 2 using the silica surface-modified with allyltrimethoxysilane showed the best result as a reinforcing filler with satisfactory scorch time, vulcanization time, tensile strength and 300% modulus. Comparison of Preparation Examples 5 and 6 reveals that tensile strength and 300% modulus can be improved by increasing the amount of allyltrimethoxysilane. Preparation Examples 7 and 8 show that the tensile strength and modulus can be significantly improved by adding sulfur to Preparation Example 2, without having to add the expensive coupling agent as in Preparation Examples 5-6. This is because the sulfur that has been uniformly dispersed in the rubber mixture reacts with the allyl group of the coupling agent, thereby facilitating the rubber-coupling agent-silica bonding. Also, it was identified through Preparation Examples 9 and 10 that physical properties can be greatly improved by modifying the surface using the sulfur-containing TESPT or MPTMS. In Preparation Example 11, wherein allylsilanepolyol and silica were surface-modified simultaneously using allyltrimethoxysilane, a similar result was obtained as in Preparation Example 2.

Preparation Example 2 wherein the silica surface-modified with allyltrimethoxysilane was used showed better physical properties as compared to Comparative Preparation Example 1 wherein silane and sulfur were simply mixed with the same amount. Comparative Preparation Example 1 showed slightly improved physical properties as compared to Comparative Preparation Example 2, revealing that the addition of sulfur when mixing allyltrimethoxysilane with silica rubber can provide improved physical properties. In Comparative Preparation Examples 3-6, wherein sulfur-containing MPTMS or TESPT was used as the coupling agent, further addition of sulfur did not lead to improved physical properties.

Test Example 3 Dynamic Properties of Rubber Sample

Dynamic properties of the rubber samples prepared in Preparation Examples and Comparative Preparation Examples were measured. The result is shown in Tables 5 and 6.

TABLE 5 Preparation Examples 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Tan δ (0° C.) 0.199 0.205 0.203 0.200 0.196 0.206 0.215 0.217 0.207 0.207 0.203 Tan δ (60° C.) 0.075 0.069 0.077 0.075 0.060 0.051 0.053 0.050 0.049 0.052 0.068

TABLE 6 Comparative Preparation Examples 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tan δ (0° C.) 0.205 0.205 0.155 0.165 0.162 0.187 Tan δ (60° C.) 0.069 0.061 0.066 0.061 0.059 0.056

Since Preparation Examples show higher tan δ (0° C.) and lower tan δ (60° C.) values as compared to Comparative Preparation Examples, improvement in braking performance and low rotational resistance are expected. Especially, Preparation Examples 7-10 exhibited high tan δ (0° C.) values as well as low tan δ (60° C.) values. This may be due to the addition of sulfur or the sulfur-containing coupling agent to the rubber mixture of silica surface-modified with allyltrimethoxysilane.

Since the functional reinforcing filler of the present invention has a functional group having a double bond, it has good reactivity for styrene-butadiene rubber and sulfur. Thus, when used as a functional reinforcing filler in the manufacture of rubber, it allows improvement of physical properties through adjustment of the addition amount of sulfur without additional use of the coupling agent. In addition, because of superior hydrolysis reactivity, the problem of alcohol can be solved and a rubber mixture with long scorch time can be prepared. In particular, when the functional reinforcing filler of the present invention is used in the manufacture of tires, improvement in modulus, tensile strength, rotational resistance and wet traction performance can be expected.

The present invention has been described in detail with reference to specific embodiments thereof. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents. 

1. A functional reinforcing filler comprising inorganic particles surface-modified with an alkenylsilanol solution obtained by hydrolyzing an alkenylalkoxysilane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1: R—SiX¹X²X³   (1) wherein R is C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl or C₅-C₁₈ cycloalkenyl, and each of X¹, X² and X³, which are the same or different, is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy, C₆-C₁₈ aryl or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy, with the proviso that at least one of X¹, X² and X³ is C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy.
 2. The functional reinforcing filler according to claim 1, wherein the alkenylalkoxysilane compound is selected from vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), allyltrimethoxysilane (ATMS), 7-octenyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS), (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)trimethoxysilane (BCHTMS), vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES), allyltriethoxysilane (ATES), 5-hexenyltriethoxysilane (HTES), 7-octenyltriethoxysilane (OTES) and (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)triethoxysilane (BCHTES).
 3. The functional reinforcing filler according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic particles comprise one or more oxide particles selected from silica, mica, talc, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide and zinc oxide, and have an average particle diameter of 5 nm to 100 μm.
 4. The functional reinforcing filler according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic particles have a BET surface area of 50 to 1,000 m²/g.
 5. The functional reinforcing filler according to claim 1, which does not release an alcohol component.
 6. A method for preparing a functional reinforcing filler, comprising: preparing an alkenylsilanol solution by hydrolyzing an alkenylalkoxysilane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1; preparing a suspension by mixing the alkenylsilanol solution with inorganic particles in one or more solvent selected from alcohol and water; preparing molecular film coated inorganic particles by removing the solvent from the suspension through evaporation; and heating the molecular film coated inorganic particles to induce dehydration condensation: R—SiX¹X²X³   (1) wherein R is C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl or C₅-C₁₈ cycloalkenyl, and each of X¹, X² and X³, which are the same or different, is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy, C₆-C₁₈ aryl or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy, with the proviso that at least one of X¹, X² and X³ is C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy.
 7. A method for preparing a functional reinforcing filler, comprising: preparing a suspension by mixing an alkenylalkoxysilane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 with inorganic particles in one or more solvent selected from alcohol and water; removing the solvent from the suspension through evaporation; and heating the inorganic particles to induce dehydration condensation and thereby modifying the surface of the inorganic particles: R—SiX¹X²X³   (1) wherein R is C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl or C₅-C₁₈ cycloalkenyl, and each of X¹, X² and X³, which are the same or different, is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy, C₆-C₁₈ aryl or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy, with the proviso that at least one of X¹, X² and X³ is C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy or C₆-C₁₈ aromatic alkoxy.
 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the hydrolysis is performed at pH 2.5 to 5.0.
 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein, in said preparing the suspension, a coupling agent selected from bis[(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TMSPT), bis[(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TESPT), 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES) is added.
 10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the suspension is prepared by mixing at pH 2.5 to 5.0.
 11. The method according to claim 7, wherein a coupling agent selected from bis[(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TMSPT), bis[(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TESPT), 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES) is added.
 12. The method according to claim 6, wherein the inorganic particles are silica.
 13. The method according to claim 6, wherein the dehydration condensation is performed at 100 to 150° C.
 14. A rubber composition comprising: 100 parts by weight of an elastomer; and 10 to 200 parts by weight of the functional reinforcing filler according to claim
 1. 15. The rubber composition according to claim 14, which further comprises one or more additive selected from an accelerator and a retardant.
 16. The rubber composition according to claim 14, wherein the elastomer comprises one or more selected from: a homopolymer comprising conjugated diene monomers; and a copolymer comprising a conjugated diene monomer, a monovinyl aromatic monomer and a triene monomer.
 17. The rubber composition according to claim 15, wherein the accelerator comprises one or more selected from benzothiazole, benzothiazole sulfenamide, dithiocarbamate, thiopholine, thiourea, xanthate, thiuram sulfide, amine and dithiophosphate.
 18. The rubber composition according to claim 15, wherein the retardant comprises one or more selected from N-(cyclohexylthio)phthalimide, phthalic anhydride, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, sodium acetate, aromatic sulfonamide, dioctyl phthalate and magnesium oxide.
 19. The rubber composition according to claim 14, which further comprises 1 to 10 parts by weight of sulfur.
 20. A tire prepared using the rubber composition according to claim
 14. 